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Sexualities
Person-Centred Perspectives
Person-Centred Perspectives
Peter F. Schmid
Universi= ty of Graz, Austria
Sigmund = Freud University, Vienna
Saybrook = Graduate School, San Francisco
Universi= ty of Graz, Austria
Sigmund = Freud University, Vienna
Saybrook = Graduate School, San Francisco
Edinburg, Sept. 30 & Oct. 1, 2006
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<=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%'>lT=
he image
of the human being in the PCA
<=
span
style=3D'mso-special-format:nobullet;display:none;color:#EBF25A;mso-color-=
index:
6;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:80%'>l à=
; ENCOUNTER
=
à=
; PRESENCE
<=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:0%;left:4.02%;width:95.97%;height:100.0%'><=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%'>lS=
exualities
from a pc perspective
à SEXUALITY AS INDIVIDUAL ACTUALIZATION&#=
13;
à SEXUALITY AS ENCOUNTER & SELF-TRANS=
CENDENCE
à CONGRUENT
& INCONGRUENT SEXUALITY
à=
; SEXUAL „DISORDERS“ AND THEIR
THERAPY
à=
; SEXUALITY IN THERAPY
3=
3;
Sexualities – PC Theses
ØSexuality, Rogers and the PCA=
3;
ØSexuality as actualization
<=
/span>
ØSexuality as encounter
ØVariations of (in)congruent
sexuality
ØConditions for fulfilled
sexuality
ØIncongruent sexuality as alienat=
ion
& its therapy
& its therapy
ØSexuality, eroticism, love=
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www.pca-online.net
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SEXUALITY, ROGERS & THE PCA
n1. When PCA talks about sexuality, i=
t means sexuality.
www.pca-online.net
5=
3;
SEXUALITY, RO=
GERS
& THE PCA
n2. For various reasons Carl Rogers p=
aid very little attention to sexuality.
www.pca-online.net
6=
3;
SEXUALITY, RO=
GERS
& THE PCA
n3.
The person-centred concept of the person must
not be misunderstood as being sexually
neutral. Personality in a person-centred=
sense
does not mean ignoring sex, it=
means
the congruent assignment of sexualit=
y and
personality.
www.pca-online.net
7=
3;
SEXUALITY, RO=
GERS
& THE PCA
n4.
To develop a person-centred notion of sexuality
use of other theories should be avoided=
: it
should truly be generated from personal
experience and person-centred anthropo=
logy.
www.pca-online.net
8=
3;
SEXUALITY
AS ACTUALIZATION
n5.
Sexual strivings and the expression of sexuality
are the expression of the actuali=
zing
tendency.
www.pca-online.net
9=
3;
SEXUALITY AS ACTUALIZATION
n6.
Like human nature in general human sexualit=
y is
primarily to be considered as potenti=
ally
constructive and trustworthy, not pri=
marily
as dangerous or even destructive, and s=
o it
should not be treated with reser=
ve or
subjected to taboos or moralizi=
ng
reglementations.
www.pca-online.net
10
SEXUALITY AS ACTUALIZATION<=
span
style=3D'font-size:82%;color:#BE7960;mso-color-index:5;mso-special-format:=
lastCR;
display:none'>
n7.
When a human being really is living - not =
occupied with „surviving“ as is the case in exceptional situations -, any expression of sexuality should be regarded as an =
expression of their search for growth, =
creative development and greater =
fulfillment of personal potential.
www.pca-online.net
11
SEXUALITY AS ACTUALIZATION<=
span
style=3D'font-size:82%;color:#BE7960;mso-color-index:5;mso-special-format:=
lastCR;
display:none'>
n8.
The sexuality of a human being has always t=
o do
with the core of the person: therefo=
re it
is crucial for identity and alienat=
ion.
www.pca-online.net
12
SEXUALITY AS ACTUALIZATION<=
span
style=3D'font-size:82%;color:#BE7960;mso-color-index:5;mso-special-format:=
lastCR;
display:none'>
n9.
Genuine sexuality consists in a maximum congruence
between the experiencing of sexual
strivings and their accurate symboli=
zation.
Thus, fulfilled sexuality means the autonomous and free
fulfilment of the potential which is inh=
erent
in these strivings.
www.pca-online.net
13
SEXUALITY AS ACTUALIZATION<=
span
style=3D'font-size:82%;color:#BE7960;mso-color-index:5;mso-special-format:=
lastCR;
display:none'>
n10.
The creative, generative dimension of sexuality
can be regarded as an expression of the
formative tendency.
www.pca-online.net
14
SEXUALITY AS ACTUALIZATION<=
span
style=3D'font-size:82%;color:#BE7960;mso-color-index:5;mso-special-format:=
lastCR;
display:none'>
n11.
Sexual striving for lust, the concept of =
=
lust, as the sexual aspect o=
f the
self-concept is determined by the =
self-actualizing tendency.
www.pca-online.net
15
SEXUALITY AS ACTUALIZATION<=
span
style=3D'font-size:82%;color:#BE7960;mso-color-index:5;mso-special-format:=
lastCR;
display:none'>
n12.
Sexuality, in particular mature sexuality, =
is characterized by a movement in a specific direction, i.e. by attraction.
www.pca-online.net
16
SEXUALITY AS ACTUALIZATION<=
span
style=3D'font-size:82%;color:#BE7960;mso-color-index:5;mso-special-format:=
lastCR;
display:none'>
n13.
Sexual possibilities - sexual potency - merit
particular attention amongst the human b=
eing's
possibilities as an expression of
self-transcendence.
www.pca-online.net
17
SEXUALITY
AS ENCOUNTER
n14.
Sexuality is a category of relationship. Sexual
encounter is an overall and not only ph=
ysical
dimension of personal encounter.<=
span
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'mso-special-format:lastCR;display:none'>
=
www.pca-online.net
18
SEXUALITY AS ENCOUNTER
n15.
Personal sexuality is incarnated encounte=
r.
Sexuality is a central „=
interface“
between physical and emotional processe=
s.=
www.pca-online.net
19
SEXUALITY AS ENCOUNTER
n16.
Every person is responsible for their own values and standards concerning sexuality.
www.pca-online.net
20
SEXUALITY AS ENCOUNTER
n17.
Sexual standards often are applied by human
beings to use or to misuse power.
www.pca-online.net
21
VARIATIONS OF CONGRUENT AND <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:12.25%;left:5.99%;width:88.2%;height:8.25%'=
>INCONGRUENT SEXUALITY
www.pca-online.net
22
VARIATIONS OF
CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT SEXUALITY
www.pca-online.net
23
VARIATIONS OF
CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT SEXUALITY
20. If sexuality is the body language of the =
=
person, then the various forms and expressions of sexuality can be compared with the dialects of this language.
www.pca-online.net
24
VARIATIONS OF
CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT SEXUALITY
21. The forms and expressions of sexuality =
are many and varied. There is no
www.pca-online.net
25
VARIATIONS OF
CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT SEXUALITY
22. So-called „abnormal sexual feeling =
and =
behaviour“ is only to be seen as incongruence if the person concerned is not able to correctly symbolize their =
experiences.
www.pca-online.net
26
CONDITIONS FOR
FU= LFILLED SEXUALITY
FU= LFILLED SEXUALITY
23. The conditions for „fulfilled
sexuality“ are, like the cond=
itions
for the development of congruent sexu=
ality,
identical with the basic attitudes which <=
/span>=
Rogers describes as necessary for person-=
centred relationships.
www.pca-online.net
27
CONDITIONS FOR<=
br>
FULFILLED SEXUALITY
24. Carl Rogers' basic attitudes may also =
well be understood sexually: as =
intimacy,
tenderness and lust.www.pca-online.net
28
CONDITIONS FOR<=
br>
FULFILLED SEXUALITY
25. Carl Rogers' dimension of
„presence“ in the sexu=
al
sense comes close to the meaning=
of an
orgasm shared by both partners which is
experienced as satisfying and
self-transcending.
www.pca-online.net
29
INCONGRUENT SEXUALITY
= AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
= AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
26. One of the conditions for „the =
estrangement of man from himself, from =
his experiencing organism“ (Rogers, 1961), is sexual repression.
www.pca-online.net
30
INCONGRUENT
SEXUALITY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
27. Sexual incongruence results from <=
/span>=
defence against fear.
www.pca-online.net
31
INCONGRUENT
SEXUALITY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
28. A „splitting off“ of sexualit=
y from
the organismic experiencing in
particular takes place when in the
emotional (and thus sexual) development
sexuality is experienced as
threatening.
www.pca-online.net
32
INCONGRUENT
SEXUALITY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
29. Therefore therapy is also an incarnated <=
/span>=
process to subdue sexual alienation.
www.pca-online.net
33
INCONGRUENT
SEXUALITY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
=
n
n30.
The PCA does not consider suffering in sexuality
as a „sexual disorder“, but as an =
expression of the suffering of the person. Thus it has no specific „techniques for <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:56.75%;left:9.73%;width:96.44%;height:7.5%'=
>dealing with sexual disorders“, but trusts in the corrective experiences which the =
client will have in the person-centred =
relationship.
www.pca-online.net
34
INCONGRUENT
SEXUALITY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
31. A specific setting for specific sexual orientations generally does not seem to be necessary, especially when the therapeutic conditions are fulfilled to a large extent.
www.pca-online.net
35
INCONGRUENT
SEXUALITY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
32. On the other hand the PCA offers the =
possibility of specific therapeutic settings
www.pca-online.net
36
INCONGRUENT
SEXUALITY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
=
n
n33.
The fitting attitude towards sexuality in =
therapeutic relationships is characterized =
on the one hand by a strict abstinence by the therapist from sexual activities in the present relationship with the client, on the other hand by a large openness to sexual =
subjects in general and the given =
therapeutic relationship in particular.
www.pca-online.net
37
INCONGRUENT
SEXUALITY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
AS ALIENATION & ITS THERAPY
34. It is important - also independently of <=
/span>=
therapy - to find a congruent language for sexuality.
www.pca-online.net
38
SEXUALITY,
EROTICISM, LOVE
35. Sexuality is an expression of encounter <=
/span>=
as a „game of love“, a „love full of
force“.
www.pca-online.net
39
SEXUALITY, EROTICISM, LOVE<=
span
style=3D'font-size:91%;color:#BE7960;mso-color-index:5;mso-special-format:=
lastCR;
display:none'>
36. Sexuality, being understood as =
surrender in a relationship, in the end aims at transcendency of the person.
www.pca-online.net
40
Towards a definition of sexualities from a pc point of view
nHuman sexualities are manifestations=
in various forms of the actualiz=
ing
tendency as a basic, on pri=
nciple
constructive and trustworthy
transcending
force in life
<=
/span>
nat one and the same time both
–to creat=
ively
actualize one‘s potential of being a sexual (i.e. a male or a female or a hermaphrodite) person <=
/span>
(sel= f-actualization and self-transcendence,
i.e.= the substantial dimension of being a person)
(sel= f-actualization and self-transcendence,
i.e.= the substantial dimension of being a person)
– and
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–aiming a=
t engaging in creative, intimate and lust=
ful relation=
ships characte=
rized by
a sexual tension (i.e. a
physical-psychological-spiritual tension resulting from the perception of=
the
sex of the other p=
erson or
a substitute/representative of it)
(act= ualization and transcendence of the person,
the relational dimension of being a person).
(act= ualization and transcendence of the person,
the relational dimension of being a person).
www.pca-online.net
41
Peter F. Schmid (1993), A new image of ma=
n?
Toward male emancipation, in: Theology Digest 3 (1993)
217-220
– (1996), Intimacy, Tenderness and Lust.=
A
Person-Centered Approach to Sexuality, in: Hutterer, Robert / Pawlowsky, Gerhard / Schmid, Peter F=
. / Stipsits, Reinhold (=
Eds.),
Client-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy. A paradigm in motion,
Frankfurt/M. (Peter Lang) 1996, 85-99
– (2004), New men? – A new image o=
f man?
Person-centred challenges to gender dialogue, in: Proctor, Gilli=
an /
Napier, Mary B. (eds.), Encountering feminism. Intersecti=
ons
between feminism and the person-centred approach, Ross-on-Wye (PC=
CS)
2004, 179-190
www.pca-online.net
42
nPeter F. Schmid, „On becoming a person=
-centered
approach“. A person-centred understandig
of the person, in: Thorne, Brian / Lambers, Elke (Eds.), Person-Centred Therapy. A European perspective, London (Sage) 199=
8,
38–52
n=
–, „Face to face“. The art of encounter=
, in:
Thorne, Brian / Lambers, Elke (Eds.), Person-Centred Therapy. A European perspective, Lo=
ndon
(Sage) 1998, 74–90
n=
–, Acknowledgement:
the art of responding. Dialogical and ethical perspectives o=
n the challenge of unconditional person=
al
relationships in therapy and beyond, =
in: Bozarth, Jerold / Wilkins, Paul (Eds.), Unconditio=
nal
positive regard, Ross-on-Wye (PCCS
Books) 2001, 49-64
n–, Authenticity: the person as his or he=
r own
author. Dialogical and ethi=
cal perspectives on therapy as an encounter
relationship. And beyond, in: Wyatt, =
Gill (Ed.), Congruence, Ross-on-Wye (PCCS Books) 2001,
217-232
n=
–, Comprehension:
the art of not-knowing. Dialogical and ethical perspectives on empathy as dialogue in personal and
person-centred relationships, in: Haug=
h,
Sheila / Merry, Tony (Eds.=
),
Empathy, Ross-on-Wye (PCCS Books) 2001, 53–71
n–, Presence: Im-media-te co-experiencing=
and
co-responding. Phenomenolog=
ical, dialogical and ethical perspectives on c=
ontact
and perception in person-centred therapy and beyond,
in: Wyatt, Gill / Sanders, Pete (Eds.), Contact and perception, Ross-on-Wye (PCCS Books) 2002, 182-203
=
n–, Back to the client. A phenomenological
approach to the process of understanding and diagnosis, in: Person-Centered & Experient=
ial
Psychotherapies 3,1 (2004) 36-51
=
n–, Anthropological foundations of PCT, in: Cooper, =
Mick /
O'Hara, Maureen / Schmid, Peter
F. / Wyatt, Gill (Eds.), The International Handbook of Person-Centred Thera=
py, Houndmills (Palgrave) 2007
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The Person-Centered Website
by Peter F. Schmid
by Peter F. Schmid
Die
personzentrierte Site
Le site centré sur la personne
De Persoonsgerichte Site
Site da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa
Página Web Centrada en la Persona
Le site centré sur la personne
De Persoonsgerichte Site
Site da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa
Página Web Centrada en la Persona
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